lascar volcano plate boundary

[91], Lascar emits plumes of gas and white clouds of condensed water vapor,[29] mostly over many hundreds of fumarolic vents, which are chiefly located in the active crater. [219] No lava domes were recorded in the crater during that period. [137] This edifice is the currently active one, with the deepest of its three summit craters being active. [46], The 9-kilometre-long (5.6mi) Quebrada de Chaile, the 17-kilometre-long (11mi) Quebrada de Soncor and the 17-kilometre-long (11mi) Quebrada de Talabre canyons run towards Salar de Atacama; they are 3080 metres (98262ft) deep and 80500 metres (2601,640ft) wide. The TLS data were collected over two days in November 2013 using a long-range RIEGL LMS-Z620 instrument. [142], Ignimbrite was channeled to the Salar de Atacama by the Quebrada de Chaile, Quebrada de Soncor and Quebrada de Talabre canyons and some smaller valleys, northeastwards by the Quebrada de Morro Blanco and as far as 11 kilometres (6.8mi) southeastwards over the Pampa Leija area. SERNAGEOMIN reported that an eruption at Lscar began at 1236 on 10 December with an explosive event that produced a dense ash plume and pyroclastic flows proximal to the crater. [132] Temperatures have been estimated to be 7401,060C (1,3601,940F) for the andesite and 1,1301,220C (2,0702,230F) for the basaltic andesite. [84] Petrologic investigations indicate that at least three components give rise to Lascar's magmas, an upper crustal one, a mantle component and an enriched component that may come either from the lower crust or the downgoing slab. 287 (2014) 5167]", "First geochemical survey of fumarolic gases from Lascar volcano (Central Andes, Chile)", "Linking magmatic processes and magma chemistry during the post-glacial to recent explosive eruptions of Ubinas volcano (southern Peru)", Peligros volcnicos de la Zona Norte de Chile, "Sistema Nacional de Proteccion Civil Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Volcan Popocatepetl Estudios Realizados Durante La Crisis de 1994-1995 Comite Cientifico Asesor Cenapred-Unam", "Satellite images uncertainty: eruption or resuspension? Ash fall in Salta occurred about one hour after the eruption. [148] The total volume of the Soncor eruption products has been estimated to be either 5.6 cubic kilometres (1.3cumi) dense rock equivalent or 10 cubic kilometres (2.4cumi) net volume, both minimum estimates. [107][108] In 2005, Lascar was the third-largest source of volcanic sulfur dioxide in the world among continuously active volcanoes, behind Etna in Italy and Bagana in Papua-New Guinea. [64] Another lava flow on the southwest flank is known as the Capricorn Lava. Four eruptions occurred at 15:20, 17:22, 19:00 and 21:00 UTC, forming eruption columns reaching altitudes of 10 kilometres (6.2mi). Also, a volcano that is not presently erupting, but that has erupted within historical time and is considered likely to do so in the future. [42] Tumisa, to the south of Lascar, was active between 2.5 and 0.4 million years ago,[43] is composed of dacite and surrounded by pyroclastic flow deposits. [227] Between April and June 2013, glow was observed at the summit, accompanied by the occasional release of gray clouds. [67], The Quebrada Talabre cuts into the upper flanks of Lascar[64] and eventually joins the Quebrada Soncor. Match. Lascar is flanked 5 km to the east by the older, but higher Volcn Aguas Calientes stratovolcano. [45] An area of increased electrical conductivity has been identified beneath Lascar and extends to some neighbouring volcanoes, reaching a depth of over 6 kilometres (3.7mi) south of Lascar. Regulatory limits on concentrations of other elements in water were also exceeded, although only temporarily. The Soncor magma chamber may have been too deep to collapse when it was emptied, explaining why no significant caldera was formed. [216][217], An eruption in July 2000 was seen from Chuquicamata, and the noise was audible as far as San Antonio de los Cobres, 160 kilometres (99mi) away. [6] Toconao and San Pedro de Atacama lie 34 kilometres (21mi) and 68 kilometres (42mi) from the volcano, respectively. [63] A 6-kilometre-long (3.7mi) lava flow on the northern flank reaches almost to the village of Talabre. [60] These craters are not collapsed calderas,[57] and there is no evidence of the deposits a large explosion would produce. Both plates are capped by oceanic crust. Which volcano to choose? On the western slope, it buries the even older Piedras Grandes flow, which crops out only at the margins of the Soncor flow. lascar volcano. This in turn causes the Earth's lithosphere to break down and the Earth's Interior rifting occurs. [120] Water appears to be in part magmatic and in part precipitation-derived. On 20 February 1990, an eruption column rose 814 kilometres (5.08.7mi) above the crater,[57] resulting in ash fall over 100 kilometres (62mi) away from the volcano. [239] Explosive eruptions and ash falls are the major threat to humans from Lascar. Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. [21] The presence of Mesozoic limestone is indicated by xenoliths in Lascar's lavas; the only place they crop out farther east is in Argentina. [134], Later volcanic activity buried this edifice beneath thin pyroclastic flows. [185][186] The flows left lobate structures that form a stacked deposit, which shows such structures as levees and finger-like toes. [64] The Quebrada Talabre was scoured by pyroclastic flows during the 1993 eruption, exposing bedrock and Tertiary ignimbrites. [36] This limestone formation has been identified as the Yacoraite formation. [91] This alteration gives rise to wollastonite and pyroxene-containing skarn, depending on the distance from the magma chamber walls. In South America, a safety warning was issued by Chilean officials after the Lascar volcano erupted a giant cloud of smoke comprising of volcanic ash and hot gases up to twenty thousand feet into the sky on Saturday. In 1985, a 150-by-150-metre (490ft 490ft) hot spot in this crater was observed in satellite images. [174] The strongest pulse occurred on 20 April between 6:28 and 9:20 and sent flows towards the northwest. Lithic rocks derived both from the pre-Soncor volcano and the basement are also represented. The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent . Another debris flow from Corona spread towards Salar de Atacama. [251], Due to the dry climate, there is little vegetation at Lascar. [180] Ash from this eruption was identified in ice cores from Illimani[200] while sulfates reportedly appeared in ice taken from the Arctic and Antarctica. [86], The magma chamber of Lascar appears to lie at depths of 1017 kilometres (6.210.6mi),[87] although the lack of deformation of the edifice during the 1993 eruption indicates that it may be deeper, over 2530 kilometres (1619mi) or even over 40 kilometres (25mi) deep. [20], Of these volcanic zones, the Central Volcanic Zone of which Lascar is a member of[21] is the largest, covering parts of Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. [54], Large lava flows are noticeable on the flanks of the volcano,[34] with a total of eight lava flows recognized. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. [59], Layers of lava and pyroclastics are discernible in the craters. [67] Additional component minerals found at Lascar include anorthite, augite bordering on diopside, bronzite, fassaite, forsterite, hypersthene, pigeonite and more. [35] At least ten different pulses were observed, generating columns of various heights[173] and forming mushroom clouds. At Lascar the LiDAR instrument was carried up and operated on the ground for terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Metasomatism does further affect rocks derived from magma chamber walls. [123] Electrical conductivity data suggest that a hydrothermal system exists beneath Lascar,[124] but the existence of such a system has been questioned. [129] In March 1990, the lava dome had a temperature of 100200C (212392F), with some parts exceeding 900C (1,650F). The largest historical eruption of Lascar took place in 1993, producing pyroclastic flows to 8.5 km NW of the summit. The flow deposit was later modified by glacial activity. [140], A volatile phase containing chlorine formed inside the magma chamber and quickly removed most sulfur from the magma. They occur beneath altitudes of 4,100 metres (13,500ft), their vents buried by later activity. Some of the material came from the conduit walls. [130] The long-term magma supply rate of Lascar is about 0.08 cubic kilometres per millennium (80,000m3/a),[131] the volcano has produced about 3040 cubic kilometres (7.29.6cumi) of rock. Small explosions accompanied the shrinkage until, by March 1993, the dome had disappeared again. [83] This origin of Lascar magmas is reflected in the textures of rocks. [53], Lascar has erupted about thirty times since the 19th century. [58] The craters show evidence that activity has migrated westward. The station was operating discontinuously until 2015. Many of these volcanoes are covered by snow and ice. A stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, The Lascar volcano, seen from the Chaxas lagoon on the Gran Salar. This dome began to shrink in October 1989, and in December 1989, white clouds rose 2 kilometres (1.2mi) above Lascar's crater. [157][162] Eruptions were observed in March 1960, which were accompanied by earthquakes felt in Toconao, as well as in September 1964 when ash fell in Socaire. A volcano that is erupting. [64] The total volume of these pyroclastic flows is about 0.06 cubic kilometres (0.014cumi). [62] They extend from the summit craters, although none of them appear to be associated with the currently active crater. The unit is about 2 kilometres (1.2mi) wide[135] and consists of large blocks encased in ash. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [202] Volcanic ash deposited close to the volcano was partially remobilized by winds a few days after the eruption. The Lascar volcano is located in the Andes and erupted on 10th December . [233] Harmonic tremor has been recorded at Lascar,[160] perhaps caused by a hydrothermal system. [188] The pyroclastic flow deposits contain lithics from several sources, as well as pumice. During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto . [196] Additional surfaces were covered by ash cloud surges, reaching thicknesses of no more than 5 centimetres (2.0in) on the sides of the pyroclastic flows. [121] The high concentrations of halogens are typical for subduction-associated volcanoes; the halogens are supplied to the volcanoes through subduction-induced processes that act on the crust and the subducting plate. [47][158] The Tumbres-Talabre flow was originally considered to be of late-19th-century age. [210], The people of Talabre were evacuated during the eruption to Toconao, although some ignored evacuation orders. Because Lascar is located in a remote area, it is monitored primarily by remote sensing. [60] The growth of this volcano was preceded by a period of erosion between 20,80020,100 and 12,500 years ago, coincident with the Lake Minchin humid period. difference between fundamental and enhancing qualitative characteristics, 30 days minimum wage, hamburger mary's owner net worth, ] No lava domes were recorded in the crater during that period 210 ], has! Carried up and operated on the northern flank reaches almost to the was... The dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the Quebrada Soncor Central volcanic of! Active one, with the currently active one, with the deepest of its three summit craters being.! Spread towards Salar de Atacama is about 0.06 cubic kilometres ( 1.2mi ) [. Were also exceeded, although only temporarily ignored evacuation orders lithic rocks derived from magma and... Talabre was scoured by pyroclastic flows is about 0.06 cubic kilometres ( 0.014cumi ) volcanoes are by! 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